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Libertarianism in the United States is a movement promoting individual liberty and minimized government.〔(Merriam-Webster Dictionary definition of libertarianism )〕〔For philosophical literature describing the variations of libertarianism, see: * Bevir, Mark. ''Encyclopedia of Political Theory''. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 2010. (page 811 ); * ; * Christiano, Thomas, and John P. Christman. ''Contemporary Debates in Political Philosophy''. Contemporary debates in philosophy, 11. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. (page 121 ); * Lawrence C. Becker, Charlotte B. Becker. ''Encyclopedia of ethics, Volume 3'' Encyclopedia of Ethics, Charlotte B. Becker, ISBN , (page 1562 ); * Paul, Ellen F. ''Liberalism: Old and New''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007. (page 187 ); and * * Roderick T. Long, "Towards a Libertarian Theory of Class," Social Philosophy and Policy 15:2 1998, 303-349: 304-308. 〕 Although the word libertarian continues to be widely used to refer to socialists internationally, its meaning in the United States has deviated from its political origins. The Libertarian Party, asserts the following to be core beliefs of libertarianism: Through 20 polls on this topic spanning 13 years, Gallup found that voters who are libertarian on the political spectrum ranged from 17%- 23% of the US electorate.〔Gallup Poll news release, September 7–10, 2006.〕 This includes members of the Republican Party (especially Libertarian Republicans), Democratic Party, Libertarian Party, and Independents. ==History== In the 1950s many with classical liberal beliefs in the United States began to describe themselves as "libertarian." Academics as well as proponents of the free market perspectives note that free-market libertarianism has spread beyond the U.S. since the 1970s via think tanks and political parties〔Steven Teles and Daniel A. Kenney, chapter "Spreading the Word: The diffusion of American Conservativsm in Europe and beyond," (p. 136-169) in (Growing apart?: America and Europe in the twenty-first century ) by Sven Steinmo, Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN , The chapter discusses how libertarian ideas have been more successful at spreading worldwide than social conservative ideas.〕〔Anthony Gregory, (Real World Politics and Radical Libertarianism ), LewRockwell.com, April 24, 2007.〕 and that libertarianism is increasingly viewed worldwide as a free market position.〔David Boaz, (Preface for the Japanese Edition of Libertarianism: A Primer ), reprinted at Cato.org, November 21, 1998.〕〔(Radicals for Capitalism (Book Review) ), New York Post, February 4, 2007.〕 However, libertarian socialist intellectuals Noam Chomsky, Colin Ward, and others argue that the term "libertarianism" is considered a synonym for social anarchism by the international community and that the United States is unique in widely associating it with free market ideology.〔(The Week Online Interviews Chomsky ), Z Magazine, February 23, 2002. "The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. In the US, which is a society much more dominated by business, the term has a different meaning. It means eliminating or reducing state controls, mainly controls over private tyrannies. Libertarians in the US don't say let's get rid of corporations. It is a sort of ultra-rightism."〕〔Colin Ward, (''Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction'' ), Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers..."〕〔Fernandez, Frank. (''Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement'', Sharp Press, 2001, p. 9. ) "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term "libertarian" has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."〕 Arizona United States Senator Barry Goldwater's libertarian-oriented challenge to authority had a major impact on the libertarian movement,〔Henry J. Silverman, ''American radical thought: the libertarian tradition,'' p. 279, 1970, Heath publishing.〕 through his book ''The Conscience of a Conservative'' and his run for president in 1964.〔Robert Poole, (In memoriam: Barry Goldwater – Obituary ), Reason Magazine, August–Sept, 1998.〕 Goldwater's speech writer, Karl Hess, became a leading libertarian writer and activist.〔Hess, Karl. (''The Death of Politics'' ), Interview in Playboy, July 1976.〕 The Vietnam War split the uneasy alliance between growing numbers of self-identified libertarians, anarchist libertarians, and more traditional conservatives who believed in limiting liberty to uphold moral virtues. Libertarians opposed to the war joined the draft resistance and peace movements and organizations such as Students for a Democratic Society. They began founding their own publications, like Murray Rothbard's ''The Libertarian Forum''〔Murray Rothbard, (The Early 1960s: From Right to Left ), excerpt from chapter 13 of Murray Rothbard ''The Betrayal of the American Right'', Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007.〕〔Ronald Lora, William Henry Longton, ''Conservative press in 20th-century America,'' (p. 367-374 ), Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, ISBN ,〕 and organizations like the Radical Libertarian Alliance.〔Marc Jason Gilbert, ''The Vietnam War on campus: other voices, more distant drums,'' (p. 35 ), 2001, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-96909-6,〕 The split was aggravated at the 1969 Young Americans for Freedom convention, when more than 300 libertarians organized to take control of the organization from conservatives. The burning of a draft card in protest to a conservative proposal against draft resistance sparked physical confrontations among convention attendees, a walkout by a large number of libertarians, the creation of libertarian organizations like the Society for Individual Liberty, and efforts to recruit potential libertarians from conservative organizations.〔Rebecca E. Klatch, (''A Generation Divided: The New Left, the New Right, and the 1960s'' ), University of California Press, 1999 ISBN , 215–237.〕 The split was finalized in 1971 when conservative leader William F. Buckley, Jr., in a 1971 ''New York Times'' article, attempted to divorce libertarianism from the freedom movement. He wrote: "The ideological licentiousness that rages through America today makes anarchy attractive to the simple-minded. Even to the ingeniously simple-minded."〔Jude Blanchette, (What Libertarians and Conservatives Say About Each Other: An Annotated Bibliography ), LewRockwell.com, October 27, 2004.〕 In 1971, David Nolan and a few friends formed the Libertarian Party.〔Bill Winter, ("1971–2001: The Libertarian Party's 30th Anniversary Year: Remembering the first three decades of America's 'Party of Principle'" ) LP News〕 Attracting former Democrats, Republicans and independents, it has run a presidential candidate every election year since 1972. Over the years, dozens of libertarian political parties have been formed worldwide. Educational organizations like the Center for Libertarian Studies and the Cato Institute were formed in the 1970s, and others have been created since then.〔(International Society for Individual Liberty Freedom Network list ).〕 Philosophical libertarianism gained a significant measure of recognition in academia with the publication of Harvard University professor Robert Nozick's ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'' in 1974. The book won a National Book Award in 1975.〔David Lewis Schaefer, (Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia ), The New York Sun, April 30, 2008.〕 According to libertarian essayist Roy Childs, "Nozick's ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia'' single-handedly established the legitimacy of libertarianism as a political theory in the world of academia."〔(The Advocates Robert Nozick page ).〕 Texas congressman Ron Paul's 2008 and 2012 campaigns for the Republican Party presidential nomination were largely libertarian. Paul is affiliated with the libertarian-leaning Republican Liberty Caucus and founded the Campaign for Liberty, a libertarian-leaning membership and lobbying organization. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Libertarianism in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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